Definition of a Timber Rotation Period

A timber rotation period is simply the time between the establishment of a stand of trees and when that same stand is ready for a final cut. This period of years, often called the optimum rotation period, is especially important when foresters try to determine the most advantageous harvest condition in an even-aged stand of trees. When a stand is either economically mature or reaching beyond natural maturity, the rotation period has been reached and a final harvest can be planned. In any given condition, there is a best size and age to which timber should be allowed to grow. These sizes and ages can be very different depending on the desired harvest scheme used and the final timber product to be produced. What is important to know is that a premature cutting ​should  be avoided before trees reach their optimum value or, on the other hand, that trees in a stand do not grow beyond their optimum size and continued vigor. Over mature stands can result in defective tree deterioration, timber handling, and milling problems. There is also a time in maturing stands when a decreasing growth rate (of return) hurts the owners investment return. An optimum timber rotation is often based on and determined by precisely calculated criteria using the latest developments in forest statistics and the proper equipment. These criteria include measuring a stands mean diameter and height (stand size), determining the stand age in years, coring and measuring tree rings to determine the climax of mean annual increment and monitoring all these data for the onset of negative physical deterioration or when growth rates drop.

Caliban in William Shakespeare´s The Tempest The Victim...

In the play, The Tempest, by William Shakespeare, Caliban is an important character. Caliban is a character who plays as a victim to be pitied, as well as a villain to watch out for. In this essay, I will show clearly how Caliban is a victim and villain by exploring his relationship with Prospero, Miranda, and the island. Caliban has been a victim of mistreatment for many reasons. Him and Miranda definitely do not have a good relationship, in fact Miranda absolutely hates him and she is frightened by him. Although, she has treated him badly psychologically. Tis a villain, sir,/ I do not love to look on. (ac1.2.370-371). She calls him evil and says she doesnt like him. Abhorred slave/ which any print of goodness wilt not take/ being†¦show more content†¦Caliban is doing anything to get the island back. â€Å" Within this half hour will he be asleep/ Wilt thou destroy him then?†(3.2.124-5). Caliban even wants Prospero to be killed, that’s how determined he is! Last but not least, Caliban had an unstable relationship with Prospero. Miranda wasn’t the only one that treated Caliban as a slave, Prospero did as well. â€Å"..What,ho! Slave! Caliban!†(1.2.375). Caliban would be called names, and numerous times he is treated as a slave, but Prospero felt no guilt to how he treats him. As mentioned before, Caliban is a villain as well, which means he is also evil to Prospero. â€Å"All the infections that the sun sucks up/ From bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall and make him/By inchmeal a disease!†(2.2.5). Caliban hoped that all the diseases that are in swamps and marches infect Prospero, in every inch of his body so he could become a walking disease. Not only did he wish for him to be infected, but he also wanted to severely hurt him. â€Å"I’ll yield him thee asleep, where thou mayst knock a nail into his head†(2.3.67-8) He tells Stephano that he will take him to where Prospero sleeps, so he could pound a nail into his head. After they were to put a nail into his head, he wanted to continue to do evil things to him. â€Å"Beat him enough. After a little time, I’ll beat him too†(3.2.92-3) As it shows in this quotation, Caliban wanted to beat Prospero. As shown with clear evidence, throughout this play, Caliban is a victim

Correlation between Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Demographic Variables Free Essays

An Analysis of the Correlation between Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Demographic Variables Over the last decades, Job satisfaction has been identified as the major research traditions in organizational psychology. Job satisfaction can significantly influence the company as Job satisfaction can positively affect employee commitment and working performance, which will determine the overall success and development of the company (Feinting, 2000). Empirical research has shown that there are certain variables which may play an important role in mediating Job satisfaction in the oracle. We will write a custom essay sample on Correlation between Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Demographic Variables or any similar topic only for you Order Now The factors affecting employee Job satisfaction include the personal traits of individuals, Job scope, and organization characteristics. (Gilson and Derrick, 1998). The study of the relationship between length of service and Job satisfaction variables remains among the most promising of these studies (Kirk, 2003). Other demographic variables to consider include age, gender and nationality. Several studies (e. G. , Betel and Brenner, 1986; Creighton, 1977; Wilting, Arnold, and Conrad, 1978; Gomez-Mejia, 1983; Griffin and Bateman, 1986) indicated that these demographic rabbles (gender, age, education, length of service and nationality) affect work values, which are related to Job satisfaction and commitment to a certain extent. There are also studies that tackled the issue from another perspective, which reported that there is a correlation between Job satisfaction and performance (Herbert, Amasser, Peterson Capable, 1957). According to Bedpan, Ferris and Kumar (1992), age and Job satisfaction are positively related because an older employee will be able to hold a higher position and obtain a higher salary since they are more experienced, thus aging them more satisfied than younger employee. Besides age, the correlation between gender differences and Job satisfaction have also been widely studied. Witt and Nee (1992) suggested that there is no correlation between the gender differences and the Job satisfaction. In addition, Kirk (2003) has also proposed that there will be significant relationship between the length of service and Job satisfaction, but there is no conclusive evidence that a longer length of service means a higher Job satisfaction. The present study aimed to investigate the degree to which employees’ anemographic variables are related to their level of Job satisfaction at work. Based on the literature review, it was hypothesized that age is positively related to Job satisfaction among the employees. Similarly, it was also hypothesized that the length of service is also positively correlated with Job satisfaction. From the research examined, it was anticipated that gender difference and nationality does not have any correlation with Job satisfaction. Methods Participants A total number of 30 employees, who are currently working in the marketing apartment of an international company called Singapore International Chamber of Commerce, took part in the survey conducted for the purpose of the research. Out of these 30 participants, 50% of them were men with the remaining 50% were female. The sample has an age range from 18 to 48 years old with a mean age of 29. 63 (SD = 9. 13). In term of nationality, there were 15 Australians, 5 Singapore, 5 New Zealand, 2 Irish, 1 South African, 1 German and 1 English. All participants completed the questionnaire voluntarily with no remuneration. Materials The questionnaire consisted of two parts: The Job Satisfactory Survey and a Demographic Data Sheet. The 3-item Job Satisfactory Survey was constructed to measure the overall Job satisfaction of the participants. It was designed to assess their level of Job satisfaction towards three areas: their Job, scope of work and working in the current organization. The participants were asked to rate their overall level of Job satisfaction based on the three questions on a 7-point Liker scale from 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) to 7 (Extremely Satisfied). Therefore, the total scores for the three questions could theoretically range from a minimum score of 3 to a maximum score of 21 . A Demographic Data Sheet was also included in the questionnaire to obtain basic profile information such as gender, age, nationality and length of service from the participants. Procedure All the 30 participants were instructed to gather outside an enclosed meeting room on a Friday evening where they were provided with a set of questionnaire. Each participant was given a maximum time of 15 minutes to complete the survey in the eating room and only one participant was allowed to enter at a time so as to ensure that there would be no distraction. At the end of the session, the questionnaires were collected and placed in a sealed envelope to ensure that all information provided were kept confidential. None of the questionnaires were left uncompleted, thus ensuring the validity of all data collected. The data was being computed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPAS, standard version 19, 2011). Results The results of the analysis of the correlation between the employees’ overall Job distraction and demographic variables (length of service, age, gender, nationality) are presented in Table 1. The internal consistency of the 3-item Job Satisfactory Survey was an excellent reliability of 0. 87 in Cockroach’s alpha test. How to cite Correlation between Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Demographic Variables, Papers

Taxation Law Tax Practice Wiley Coyote

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law Tax Practice Wiley Coyote. Answer: Background information of Wiley Coyote Wiley Coyote is a businessperson who ventures in many businesses, namely: Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd and the Rocketfone Partnership he has with Ralph. Besides, Wiley Coyote has a clinic called the Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics. He has been an astute taxpayer over the years. Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd sells products such as rocket fuel, rocket repairs, shoe repairs, and osteopathy and chiropractic services through 10 clinics (Bateman, and Kingston, 2007, p.135). Due to many government restrictions that he had foreseen, Wiley Coyote sold the Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd in 2014 and remained with the Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics, which has realized an increase in profits since he sold his primary business. In 2016, Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd realized a net capital gain of $ 18,000 from the sale of his used and refurbished rocket shoes, which he had purchased two years ago. During that year, he also received partly franked dividend of $ 7,000 in a company that he had invested in which had $ 1,000 of franking credits (Jones, Rhoades-Catanach, and Lemler, 2010, pp.599-600). Despite this, he is a beneficiary of The Coyote Family Trust. On his basis income from the sale of the refurbished rocket shoes, Wiley Coyote is entitled to other deductions. These deductions include an amount of $ 1,000 for the cost of attending a seminar on how to Mix Rocket Fuel Safely and an amount of $ 700 for the expense of a decline in value of the computer he used for work-related matters. Besides, he incurred an amount of $ 560 for the cost he incurred on the repairs to the equipment he used to refurbish the second-hand rocket shoes, and an amount of $ 540, which he suffered as fees charged by his tax account ant who helped him file his tax return for the previous income year. Lastly, he donated $ 300 which he sent to a charitable organization that is a registered as a deductible gift recipient which is considered as an expense to Wiley Coyote. Here, Wiley Coyote made a donation in exchange of receives six tickets in a car raffle. Wiley also paid an amount of $ 4,000 in exchange for private health insurance for him and his wife. His PAYG withheld for the year amounted to $15,500. In determining the assessable income of Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd, we first consider what the primary business operations are. In this case, the Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd manufactures and sells rocket fuel, rocket repairs, and shoe repairs. The only income that Wiley Coyote received was the net capital gain of $ 18,000 from the sale of his used and refurbished rocket shoes since he had sold the business two years ago. His assessable income for the income year 2016 would, therefore, be the net capital gain as it was received from ordinary business operations that is the sale of rocket shoes. Taxation of dividends is done in such a way that their withholding tax is remitted to the government, which is final (King, and Fullerton, 2010). In this case, franking credits are the withholding tax on the dividends. This implies that the partly franked dividends have been taxed, if they are included in the assessable income, they will result to double taxation which means that they should n ot be included in the assessable income (Murphy, Higgins, and Lightner, 2010, pp.601-602). The same notion is used for the assessable expenses. Section 8-1 (1) of the Income Assessment Act Tax (IAAT) 1997 states that costs incurred from the ordinary business operations should be deductible for tax purposes. In this case, all the expenses incurred by Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd were out of the ordinary business operations and should, therefore, be deductible for taxation (Mankiw, Weinzierl, and Yagan, 2009, pp.147-174). Below is the preparation of the taxable income of Wiley Coyote. Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd Taxable Income As at 2015/ 2016 Details Amount ($) Net capital gain $ 18,000.00 Deductions Franking credits $ 1,000.00 Cost of seminar he attended on 'How to Mix Rocket Fuel Safely' $ 700.00 Repairs to equipment $ 560.00 Accountant's salary $ 540.00 Donation to charity (deductible) $ 300.00 Private health insurance $ 4,000.00 Taxable Income $ 10,900.00 Tax payable/ (refundable) Taxable Income $ 10,900.00 Less: Medical levy (2%* $ 10,900) $ 218.00 Less: PAYG Withheld $ 15,500.00 Net Taxable Income $ -4,818.00 Tax $ - Total tax payable/ (refundable) $ -4,818.00 Based on the computation of the taxable income of Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd, Wiley Coyote is a little earner since his taxable income for the year amounted to $ 10,900.00, and therefore he is subject to $ 0 taxes as seen in the table above (Shan, 2011, pp.177-188). However, it is a compulsory requirement that any individual remits PAYG withheld and a medical levy of 2% before paying any taxes (Tanzi, 2014). Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd has a PAYG withheld amounted to $ 15,500.00 while his medical levy that he was subject to is $ 218.00. The net tax income of Wiley Coyote is, therefore, -$ 4,818, which was computed by deducting the PAYG withheld of $ 15,500.00 and medical levy of $ 218.00 from the taxable income of $ 10,900.00 (Woellner, Barkoczy, Murphy, Evans, and Pinto, 2016). To conclude on this part, Coyote Rocket Shoes Pty Ltd has a tax refundable of -$ 4,818.00. This was derived by taking charge of $ 0 plus a net taxable income of -$ 4,818.00. This is because anyone who earns between $ 0 and $ 18,200 is exempt from taxes as he or she is a low-income earner and therefore pays $ 0 taxes (Spilker, Ayers, Robinson, Outslay, Worsham, Barrick, Weaver, and Mcguire, 2010, pp.602-603). Taxation of Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics for the Financial Year 2015/16 Calculation of the taxable income According to section 8-1 (1) of the IAAT 1997, any revenue received and payments made out of the ordinary business operations should be assessed or deductible for tax purposes. The receipts of Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics include fees of $ 820,000 from cash patients, fees of $ 1,075,000 from health funds, an amount of $ 46,800, which was the money, received from the sale of burn lotions, and workers compensation receipts amounting to $ 67,000. The clinics expenses, on the other hand, included staff salaries (net of PAYG withholding) amounting to $ 640,000, the PAYG withholding forwarded to the ATO amounting to $ 295,000. The clinic also had PAYG installments of $ 165,000; a superannuation guarantees Levy of $ 84,000 and entertainment for special customers at sports venues amounting to $ 2,000. In addition, Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics incurred an amount of $ 11,000 for linen, which comprised of towels, bed sheets, and pillow slips with a useful life of fewer than twelve months. Besides, he paid laundry expenses of $ 6,000, aromatherapy oils and candles of $ 58,000, artworks of $ 8,000, rent amounting to $ 286,000, and other expenses amounting to $ 63,000. All these are deductible expenses except the PAYG withholding forwarded to the ATO and the PAYG installments (Murphy, Higgins, and Lightner, 2010, pp.601-602). Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics had beginning creditors of $ 1,000 and closing creditors of $ 500. Wiley, therefore, made a payment of $ 500 to the creditors, which should be included in the deductible expenses. The amount of $ 700 used for the family household should not be included in the deductible expenses since it was not incurred out of the normal business operation. Lastly, Wiley had a tax loss of $ 3,800 for the previous income year, which should be offset in this financial years taxable income, and he accepted a bike as a payment from a client at a market value of $ 250. These should be included in the deductible expenses and the assessable income respectively (Shan, 2011, pp.177-188). Below is the computation of the taxable income of Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics. Rocket Science Pain Management Clinic Taxable income As at 2015/ 2016 Details Amount ($) Receipts Bike as payment by client $ 250.00 Fees from cash patients $ 820,000.00 Fees from health funds $ 1,075,000.00 Sale of burn lotions- cash received ($ 46,800-$ 11,000) $ 36,800.00 Workers' compensation receipts ($ 67,000-$ 13,000) $ 54,000.00 Total receipts $ 1,986,050.00 Less: Expenses Staff salaries (Net of PAYG Withholding) $ 640,000.00 Linen (Towels, Bed sheets, Pillow ships)(Effective life is less than 12 months) $ 11,000.00 Laundry expenses (External services) $ 6,000.00 Aromatherapy oils and candles ($ 58,000-$ 3,000) $ 55,000.00 Artworks (Each piece under $ 1,000 purchased 1/9/15) $ 8,000.00 Rent (includes $ 32,000 paid up to 31 July 2016) $ 286,000.00 Other expenses (all deductible) $ 63,000.00 Payment of creditors ($ 1,000-$ 500) $ 500.00 Tax loss as at 30/6/2015 $ 3,800.00 Depreciation of clinic beds $ 9,000.00 Depreciation of desktop PC $ 6,750.00 Depreciation of laptop PC $ 500.00 Depreciation of office furniture $ 1,927.39 Depreciation of clinic furniture $ 1,997.26 Depreciation of low value pool $ 2,250.00 Total expenses $ 1,095,724.65 Taxable income $ 890,325.35 Calculation of depreciation of ten clinic beds Calculation of depreciation of ten desktop PC Calculation of depreciation of one laptop PC Calculation of depreciation of office furniture (each piece $ 1,000) Calculation of depreciation of clinic furniture (each piece $ 1,000) Calculation of depreciation of low-value pool (ii). Calculation of closing balance of clinics low-value pool Calculation of the Taxable income of Rockectfone Taxable income of Rockectfone Taxable income of Rockectfone As at 2015/ 2016 Details Amount ($) Receipts Income from trading $ 396,000.00 Total receipts $ 396,000.00 Payments Trading stock and overheads $ 84,000.00 Superannuation contribution on behalf of Wiley $ 24,000.00 Salary paid to Anita Coyote $ 45,000.00 Total payments $ 153,000.00 Net income (Taxable income) $ 243,000.00 Section 8-1 (1) of the IAAT 1997 states that any income realized and expenses made should be out of the ordinary business operations to be considered as assessable income or deductible expenses for taxation purposes. The revenues of Rockectfone included income from trading amounting to $ 396,000, fully franked dividends from Investopedia Ltd amounting to $ 28,000, and proceeds from the sale of shares in Lamb Supreme Ltd amounting to $ 7,000. The only assessable income, in this case, is the revenue from trading of $ 396,000 since it was realized from ordinary business operations (Spilker, Ayers, Robinson, Outslay, Worsham, Barrick, Weaver, and Mcguire, 2010, pp.602-603). Taxation of franked dividends is final, and only the franking credits should be recognized. The payments made by Rockectfone Corporation included trading stock and overheads amounting to $ 84,000, salary paid to Wiley amounting to $ 75,000, salary to Anita Coyote amounting to $ 45,000, and rent paid to Wiley amounting to $ 55,000 which included an advance of $ 30,000. Besides, the business paid interest to Ralph on loan amounting to $ 17,000, and interest on capital paid to Wiley amounting to $ 15,000. Furthermore, the company paid interest on money to Ralph amounting to $ 12,000, and superannuation contributed on behalf of Wiley amounting to $ 24,000 (Woellner, Barkoczy, Murphy, Evans, and Pinto, 2016). All these are deductible expenses to the business except the salary paid to Wiley, the rent paid to Wiley, the interest paid to Ralph on loan, and the interest on capital paid to Ralph and Wiley. Based on the table above, Rockectfone Corporation had a net income or taxable income of $ 243,000.00. Distribution of Net Income Distribution of Net Income (Taxable income) Details Wiley Ralph Total Salary $ 75,000.00 $ - $ 75,000.00 Rent paid $ 25,000.00 $ - $ 25,000.00 Interest on capital $ 15,000.00 $ 12,000.00 $ 27,000.00 Interest on loan $ - $ 17,000.00 $ 17,000.00 Profit or loss share (2:1) $ 66,000.00 $ 33,000.00 $ 99,000.00 Total Net income (Taxable income) $ 181,000.00 $ 62,000.00 $ 243,000.00 Since this is a small partnership entity, an apportionment of net income or taxable income ought to be prepared as shown above. This statement of distribution divides the taxable income between the partners that is Wiley and Ralph in the ratio of 2:1. Based on the above table, the profit to be distributed amounted to $ 99,000. Wiley received a benefit from the partnership of $ 66,000 while Ralph received a profit of $ 33,000. The total taxable income for Wiley amounted to $ 181,000 while that of Ralph amounted to $ 62,000 as seen in the table above (Bateman, and Kingston, 2007, p.135).Other Considerations When preparing Wileys tax returns, other elements should be considered. These include the PAYG withholding forwarded to the ATO, PAYG installments and any other levies such as the medical tax and insurance levy that the company is subject to (Jones, Rhoades-Catanach, and Lemler, 2010, pp.599-600). In addition, one should consider whether Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics is a loss-making firm or a profit-making company. Ideally, if a company realizes a loss, it should not be taxed, but rather it should be given tax exemptions. Accounting for the Coyote Trust The Coyote Trust Net income As at 2015/ 2016 Details Amount ($) Gross income $ 545,000.00 Total receipts $ 545,000.00 Less: Deductible trust expenses Wages paid to Sandy $ 30,000.00 Salaries paid to casual staff $ 40,000.00 Deductible overheads $ 145,000.00 Gifts to Desert Views (a DGR) $ 5,000.00 Total payments $ 220,000.00 Net income $ 325,000.00 Distribution of Net Income Net income $ 325,000.00 Amount to be distributed $ 292,500.00 To Wiley $ 113,750.00 To Aby $ 48,750.00 To Sandy $ 48,750.00 To Jack $ 48,750.00 To Lambchops $ 16,250.00 To The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Roadrunners $ 16,250.00 Balance $ 32,500.00 Based on the table above, Wiley will receive an amount of $ 113,750.00 from the trust, Aby, Sandy, and Jack will receive $ 48,750.00 each while Lambchops and The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Roadrunners will receive $ 16,250.00 each. The balance that should remain in the partnership amounts to $ 32,500.00 (King, and Fullerton, 2010). References Bateman, H. and Kingston, G., 2007. Superannuation and personal income tax reform.Austin. Tax F.,22, p.135. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Jones, S.M., Rhoades-Catanach, S.C. and Lemler, B., 2010. Principles of taxation for business and investment planning.Issues in Accounting Education,25(3), pp.599-600. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. King, M.A., and Fullerton, D., 2010.The taxation of income from capital: A comparative study of the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden and West Germany. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Mankiw, N.G., Weinzierl, M., and Yagan, D., 2009. Optimal taxation in theory and practice.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,23(4), pp.147-174. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Murphy, K.E., Higgins, M. and Lightner, T., 2010. Concepts in Federal Taxation.Issues in Accounting Education,25(3), pp.601-602. Retrieved on 26 January 2017 Shan, H., 2011. The effect of capital gains taxation on home sales: Evidence from the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.Journal of Public Economics,95(1), pp.177-188. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Spilker, B.C., Ayers, B.C., Robinson, J.R., Outslay, E., Worsham, R.G., Barrick, J.A., Weaver, C.D., and Mcguire, S.T., 2010. Taxation of Individuals.Issues in Accounting Education,25(3), pp.602-603. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 26 January 2017.